Semiconductor device and fabrication method thereof

ABSTRACT

A method of fabricating a semiconductor device is disclosed. A dummy gate feature is formed between two active gate features over a substrate. An isolation structure is in the substrate and the dummy gate feature is over the isolation structure. In at least one embodiment, a non-conductive material is used for forming the dummy gate feature to replace a sacrificial gate electrode.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to integrated circuit fabrication and, more particularly, to a semiconductor device with a strained structure.

BACKGROUND

When a semiconductor device, such as a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), is scaled down through various technology nodes, high-k gate dielectric layer and metal gate electrode layer are incorporated into the gate stack of the MOSFET to improve device performance with the decreased feature sizes. The MOSFET processes comprise a “gate last” process to replace an original poly-silicon gate electrode with the metal gate electrode to improve device performance.

However, there are challenges to implement such features and processes in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication. As the gate length and spacing between devices decrease, these problems are exacerbated. For example, it is difficult to prevent parasitic capacitance resulted among gate stacks of the MOSFET because of the reduced spacing between the gate stacks, thereby affecting the device performance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale and are used for illustration purposes only. In fact, the relative dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprising gate stacks according to various aspects of the present disclosure; and

FIGS. 2-10 are schematic cross-sectional views of the gate stacks of a semiconductor device at various stages of fabrication according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION

It is understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the disclosure. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method 100 of fabricating a semiconductor device 200 (FIGS. 2-10) according to various aspects of the present disclosure. FIGS. 2-10 are schematic cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device 200 at various stages of fabrication according to an embodiment of the method 100 of FIG. 1. The semiconductor device 200 may be at least a portion of a microprocessor, memory cell, and/or other integrated circuit (IC). It is noted that the method of FIG. 1 does not produce a completed semiconductor device 200. A completed semiconductor device 200 may be fabricated using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology processing. Accordingly, it is understood that additional processes may be provided before, during, and after the method 100 of FIG. 1, and that some other processes may only be briefly described herein. Also, FIGS. 1 through 10 are simplified for a better understanding of the present disclosure. For example, although the figures illustrate the semiconductor device 200, it is understood the IC may comprise a number of other devices comprising resistors, capacitors, inductors, fuses, etc.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the method 100 begins at step 102 wherein a substrate 210 is provided. In at least one embodiment, the substrate 210 comprises a crystalline silicon substrate (e.g., wafer). In an alternative embodiment, the substrate 210 may include a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure. The substrate 210 may further comprise active regions (not shown). The active regions may include various doping configurations depending on design requirements as known in the art. In some embodiments, the active regions may be doped with p-type or n-type dopants. For example, the active regions may be doped with p-type dopants, such as boron or BF₂, to perform the doping; n-type dopants, such as phosphorus or arsenic, to perform the doping; and/or combinations thereof. The active regions may act as regions configured for an N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor device (referred to as an NMOS) and regions configured for a P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor device (referred to as a PMOS).

In some embodiments, an isolation structure 212 is formed in the substrate 210 to isolate the various active regions. The isolation structure 212, for example, is formed using isolation technology, such as local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) or shallow trench isolation (STI), to define and electrically isolate the various active regions. In the present embodiment, the isolation structure 212 includes a STI. The isolation structure 212 may comprise silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, fluoride-doped silicate glass (FSG), a low-K dielectric material, other suitable materials, and/or combinations thereof. The isolation structure 212, and in the present embodiment, the STI, may be formed by any suitable process. As one example, the formation of the STI may include patterning the semiconductor substrate 210 by a photolithography process, etching a trench in the substrate 210 (for example, by using a dry etching, wet etching, and/or plasma etching process), and filling the trench (for example, by using a chemical vapor deposition process) with a dielectric material. In some embodiments, the filled trench may have a multi-layer structure such as a thermal oxide liner layer filled with silicon nitride or silicon oxide.

Still referring to FIG. 2, in at least one embodiment, gate stacks 240A, 240B, and 240C are formed over the surface of the substrate 210. In the present embodiment, the gate stacks 240A, 240B are designed for forming active devices, and the gate stack 240C is a dummy gate stack. In the present embodiment, the dummy gate stack 240C is over the isolation structure 212 and between the gate stacks 240A and 240B. In some embodiments, each of the gate stacks 240A, 240B, and the dummy gate stack 240C comprises, in order, a gate dielectric feature 214, a gate electrode feature 216, and a hard mask feature 218 over the substrate 210. In some embodiments, a gate dielectric layer (not shown), a gate electrode layer (not shown), and a hard mask layer (not shown) are sequentially deposited over the substrate 210. Then, a patterned photo-sensitive layer (not shown) is formed over the hard mask layer. The pattern of the photo-sensitive layer is transferred to the hard mask layer and then transferred to the gate electrode layer and gate dielectric layer to form the gate stacks 240A, 240B, and the dummy gate stack 240C. The photo-sensitive layer is stripped thereafter by a dry and/or wet stripping process.

The gate dielectric feature 214, in one example, is a thin film comprising silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, high dielectric constant (high-k) dielectrics, other suitable dielectric materials, or combinations thereof. High-k dielectrics comprise metal oxides. Examples of metal oxides used for high-k dielectrics include oxides of Li, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc, Y, Zr, Hf, Al, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and/or mixtures thereof. In the present embodiment, the gate dielectric feature 214 comprises a high-k dielectric layer with a thickness in the range of about 10 angstroms to about 30 angstroms. The gate dielectric feature 214 may be formed using a suitable process such as atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), thermal oxidation, UV-ozone oxidation, or combinations thereof. An interfacial layer (not shown) may further be included under the gate dielectric feature 214 to reduce the risk of damage between the gate dielectric feature 214 and the substrate 210. The interfacial layer may comprise silicon oxide.

In some embodiments, the gate electrode feature 216 over the gate dielectric feature 214 comprises a single layer or multilayer structure. In the present embodiment, the gate electrode feature 216 may comprise poly-silicon. Further, the gate electrode feature 216 may be doped poly-silicon with the same or different doping species. In at least one embodiment, the gate electrode feature 216 has a thickness in the range of about 30 nm to about 60 nm. The gate electrode feature 216 may be formed using a process such as low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), other suitable processes, or combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment, silane (SiH₄) is used as a chemical gas in the CVD process to form the gate electrode feature 216. In other embodiments, the gate electrode feature 216 and/or the gate dielectric feature 214 may be sacrificial layers and will be removed by a replacement step in the subsequent processes.

In some embodiments, the hard mask feature 218 over the gate electrode feature 216 comprises silicon oxide. In some alternative embodiments, the hard mask feature 218 may comprise silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and/or other suitable dielectric materials, and may be formed using a method such as CVD or PVD. In some embodiments, the hard mask feature 218 has a thickness in the range from about 100 angstroms to about 800 angstroms.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3, the method 100 proceeds to step 104 wherein gate spacers 220 are formed adjoining opposite sidewalls of the gate stacks 240A, 240B, and the dummy gate stack 240C. In some embodiments, the gate spacers 220 may include a single-layer or a multiple-layer structure. In the present embodiment, a blanket layer of spacer material (not shown) is formed around and over the gate stacks 240A, 240B, and the dummy gate stack 240C by a depositing process including CVD, PVD, ALD, or other suitable techniques. In some embodiments, the spacer material comprises silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, other suitable material, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the spacer material has a thickness ranging from about 5 nm to about 15 nm. Then, an anisotropic etching process is performed on the spacer material to form the gate spacers 220. In some embodiments, the gate spacers 220 have a height less than the height of the gate stacks 240A, 240B, and the dummy gate stack 240C. In at least one embodiment, the gate spacers 220 are adjoining sidewalls of the gate dielectric feature 214 and the gate electrode feature 216, but expose sidewalls of the hard mask feature 218.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 4, the method 100 continues with step 106 in which source/drain (S/D) features 222, 224 are formed in the substrate 210. In at least one embodiment, the source/drain (S/D) features 222 and the gate stack 240A are configured for forming a PMOS device, and the source/drain (S/D) features 224 and the gate stack 240B are configured for forming an NMOS device. The formation processes of the S/D features 222 may start from forming recess cavities (not shown) at either side of the gate stack 240A in the substrate 210. In the present embodiment, the recess cavities are formed using an isotropic dry etching process and then followed by an anisotropic wet or dry etching process. In some embodiments, a strained material is grown and filled in the recess cavities to form the S/D features 222. In some embodiments, the growth process of the strained material comprises selective epitaxy growth (SEG), cyclic deposition and etching (CDE), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques (e.g., vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE) and/or ultra-high vacuum CVD (UHV-CVD)), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), other suitable epi processes, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the strained material is silicon germanium (SiGe). In some embodiments, the strained material is epi SiGe with p-type dopants, such as boron.

In at least one embodiment, the S/D features 224 are formed at either side of the gate stack 240B in the substrate 210 by one or more ion implantation processes. The implantation, for example, is performed using n-type dopants, such as phosphorus or arsenic, under predetermined implantation energy and title angle to meet the requirements of device performance. In an alternative embodiment, the S/D features 224 include epi silicon (Si) with n-type dopants. Processes for forming the epi Si may include some etching processes for forming recess cavities (not shown) in the substrate 210 and then filling the recess cavities with the epi Si. The growth process of the epi Si comprises SEG, CDE, CVD techniques, MBE, other suitable epi processes, or combinations thereof.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 5, the method 100 continues with step 108 in which the hard mask feature 218 is removed from the gate stacks 240A, 240B, and the dummy gate stack 240C by an etching process. The etching process, for example, is a dry etching process using NF₃ gas and/or argon gas, with flow rates ranging from about 10 sccm to about 100 sccm and from about 10 sccm to about 200 sccm, respectively. In some embodiments, the etching process is performed with an RF bias ranging between about 60 V and about 200V, under a vacuum pressure ranging from about 10 mTorr to about 100 mTorr. The step of removing the hard mask feature 218 may reduce the heights of the gate stacks 240A, 240B, and the dummy gate stack 240C, therefore, reducing the aspect ratio of the gaps between the gate stacks 240A, 240B, and the dummy gate stack 240C. The reduced aspect ratio is helpful for a subsequent gap filling process.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 6, the method 100 continues with step 110 in which an interlayer dielectric (ILD) 226 is filled among the gate stacks 240A, 240B and the dummy gate stack 240C. The ILD 226 may include materials such as oxide, nitride, oxynitride, low dielectric constant (low-k) dielectric material, ultra low-k dielectric material, extreme low-k dielectric material, other dielectric material, and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the ILD 226 is formed by depositing an ILD layer (not shown) around and over the gate stacks 240A, 240B and the dummy gate stack 240C, then, applying a planarization process to remove the portion of ILD layer over the gate stacks 240A, 240B and the dummy gate stack 240C. In some embodiment, the step of depositing the ILD layer comprises a CVD process, a HDP CVD process, a HARP, a spin-coating process, other deposition process, and/or any combinations thereof. In some embodiment, the planarization process includes a chemical-mechanical polish (CMP) process, a dry etch process, a wet etch process, and/or combinations thereof. The planarization process may form the ILD 226 with a top surface substantially co-planer with the top surface of the gate stacks 240A, 240B and the dummy gate stack 240C.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 7, the method 100 continues with step 112 in which a removing process is provided to remove at least a portion of the dummy gate stack 240C, thereafter, an opening 230 is formed. The gate stacks 240A, 240B are not removed by the removing process because of being covered by protectors 228, e.g., photoresist patterns. In at least one embodiment, the removing process removes the gate electrode feature 216 of the dummy gate stack 240C but leaves the gate dielectric feature 214 of the dummy gate stack 240C. In an alternative embodiment, the removing process removes the gate electrode feature 216 and the gate dielectric 214 feature of the dummy gate stack 240C. The removing process can include a dry etch process and/or a wet etch process. In some embodiments, the removing process is a two-step dry etching process comprising a first step to break through (remove) a native oxide (not shown) over the gate electrode feature 216 and a second step to remove the gate electrode feature 216 (e.g., poly-silicon). In some embodiments, the first step of the etching process is performed using NF3 gas and/or argon gas, with flow rates ranging from about 10 sccm to about 100 sccm and from about 10 sccm to about 200 sccm, respectively. In some embodiments, the first step of the etching process is performed with an RF bias ranging between about 60 V and about 200V, under a vacuum pressure ranging from about 10 mTorr to about 100 mTorr. The second step of the etching process is performed, for example, using Cl gas, HBr gas, He gas, or combinations thereof. In the present embodiment, the flow rates of Cl gas, HBr gas, and He ranges from about 10 sccm to about 100 sccm, from about 200 sccm to about 400 sccm, and from about 100 sccm to about 300 sccm, respectively. In some embodiments, the second step of the etching process is performed with an RF bias ranging between about 60 V and about 200V. In some embodiments, the second step of the etching process is performed with an RF bias less than the RF bias for performing the first step of the etching process. In some embodiments, the second step of the etching process is performed under a vacuum pressure ranging from about 10 mTorr to about 100 mTorr. The protectors 228 are then removed using a stripping process after the removing process.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 8, the method 100 continues with step 114 in which a non-conductive layer (not shown) is filled within and above the opening 230, and over the ILD 226. In the present embodiment, the non-conductive layer is dielectric including materials such as oxide, nitride, oxynitride, low-k dielectric material, ultra low-k dielectric material, extreme low-k dielectric material, other dielectric material, and/or combinations thereof. The non-conductive layer may be formed by, for example, a CVD process, a high-density plasma (HDP) CVD process, a high-aspect-ratio process (HARP), a spin-coating process, other deposition process, and/or any combinations thereof. Then, a planarizing process can be applied to remove the portion of the non-conductive layer above the opening 230 and over the ILD 226, thereby forming the non-conductive gate 232 having a top surface substantially co-planer with the top surface of the gate stacks 240A, 240B, or the ILD 226. The planarizing process can include a chemical-mechanical polish (CMP) process, a dry etch process, a wet etch process, and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the non-conductive gate 232 has a material different from the material of the ILD 226, whereby there is a removing selectivity for the planarizing process.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 9, the method 100 continues with step 116 in which a removing process is provided to remove at least the gate electrode feature 216 of the gate stacks 240A, 240B to form openings 236, 238, respectively. The non-conductive gate 232 is not removed in the removing process by providing a protector 234, e.g., a photoresist pattern, thereon. In an embodiment, the removing process removes the gate electrode feature 216 of the gate stacks 240A, 240B but leaves the gate dielectric feature 214 of the gate stacks 240A, 240B if the gate dielectric feature 214 comprising a high-k dielectric material. In an alternative embodiment, the removing process removes the gate electrode feature 216 and the gate dielectric feature 214 of the gate stacks 240A, 240B if the gate dielectric feature 214 is not composed of a high-k dielectric material. The removing process can include a dry etch process and/or a wet etch process. In some embodiments, the removing process is a two-step dry etching process comprising a first step to break through a native oxide (not shown) over the gate electrode feature 216 and a second step to remove the gate electrode feature 216 (e.g., poly-silicon). In some embodiments, the first step of the etching process is performed using NF₃ gas and argon gas, with flow rates ranging from about 10 sccm to about 100 sccm and from about 10 sccm to about 200 sccm, respectively. In some embodiments, the two-step etching process is performed with the chemicals and conditions as mentioned above. The protector 234 is thereafter removed by a stripping process

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 10, the method 100 continues with step 118 in which metal gates 240, 242 are formed in the openings 236, 238, respectively. The metal gates 240, 242 are formed to replace the gate electrode feature 216 (i.e., poly-silicon gate layer) of the gate stacks 240A, 240B As mentioned above, the gate stack 240A is designed for PMOS device and the gate stack 240B is designed for NMOS device. The metal gate 240 has a first work function for PMOS device and the metal gate 242 has a second work function for NMOS device. In some embodiments, the metal gates 240, 242 comprise any suitable material including aluminum, copper, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, tantalum aluminum, tantalum aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, nickel silicide, cobalt silicide, silver, TaC, TaSiN, TaCN, TiAl, TiAlN, WN, metal alloys, other suitable materials, and/or combinations thereof.

Subsequent processing may form various contacts/vias/lines and multilayer interconnect features (e.g., metal layers and interlayer dielectrics) over the substrate, which are configured to connect the various features or structures of the semiconductor device. The additional features may provide electrical interconnection to the device. For example, a multilayer interconnection includes vertical interconnects, such as conventional vias or contacts, and horizontal interconnects, such as metal lines. The various interconnection features may implement various conductive materials including copper, tungsten, and/or silicide. In one example, a damascene and/or dual damascene process is used to form a copper related multilayer interconnection structure.

The various embodiments of the present disclosure discussed above offer advantage over conventional methods, it being understood that no particular advantage is required for all embodiments, and that different embodiments may offer different advantages. One of the advantages is that the spacing between the adjacent two conductive gates is increased, therefore, reducing the parasitic capacitance resulted among the transistor devices. Hence, the device operation speed may be enhanced to upgrade the device performance. Another advantage is that the likelihood of breakdown of ILD and/or device failure may be prevented.

In one embodiment, a method for fabricating a semiconductor device comprises forming a first and a second sacrificial gate stacks over a substrate; removing at least a portion of the first sacrificial gate stack to form a first opening; forming a dummy gate electrode in the first opening using a non-conductive material; removing at least a portion of the second sacrificial gate stack to form a second opening; and forming a gate electrode in the second opening using a conductive material.

In another embodiment, a method for fabricating a semiconductor device, comprises forming a first, a second, and a third poly-silicon gate electrodes over a substrate, wherein the first poly-silicon gate electrode is positioned between the second and the third poly-silicon gate electrodes; forming an inter-layer dielectric (ILD) around and over the first, the second, and the third poly-silicon gate electrodes; planarizing the ILD to form a planarized ILD with a surface substantially co-planar with the top surface of the first, the second, and the third poly-silicon gate electrodes; removing the first poly-silicon gate electrode to form a first opening; filling a dielectric material in the first opening to form a dummy gate electrode; removing the second and the third poly-silicon gate electrodes to form a second and a third openings; forming a first metal gate electrode in the second opening for a PMOS device; and forming a second metal gate electrode in the third opening for a NMOS device.

In still another embodiment, a semiconductor device comprises a conductive gate feature and a non-conductive gate feature over a substrate; a pair of spacers adjoining each sidewalls of the conductive gate feature and the non-conductive gate feature; and an isolation structure under the non-conductive gate feature in the substrate.

While the disclosure has described by way of example and in terms of the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device, comprising: forming a first and a second sacrificial gate stacks over a substrate; removing at least a portion of the first sacrificial gate stack to form a first opening; forming a dummy gate electrode in the first opening using a non-conductive material; removing at least a portion of the second sacrificial gate stack to form a second opening; and forming a gate electrode in the second opening using a conductive material.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-conductive material is dielectric, comprising oxide, nitride, oxynitride, low-k dielectric, ultra low-k dielectric, extreme low-k dielectric, or combinations thereof.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the gate electrode is a metal gate.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first and the second sacrificial gate stacks comprises a poly-silicon gate electrode over a high-k dielectric layer, and the at least one portion removed from the first or the second sacrificial gate stack is the poly-silicon gate electrode.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of removing the at least one portion of the first sacrificial gate stack or the second sacrificial gate stack is a two-step dry etching process comprising a first step to remove a native oxide film over a poly-silicon film and a second step to remove the poly-silicon film.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first step is performed using NF₃ gas and/or argon gas.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the second step is performed using Cl gas, HBr gas, He gas, or combinations thereof.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the first step is performed with a first RF bias, the second step is performed with a second RF bias, and the second RF bias is less than the first RF bias.
 9. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device, comprising: forming a first, a second, and a third poly-silicon gate electrodes over a substrate, wherein the first poly-silicon gate electrode is positioned between the second and the third poly-silicon gate electrodes; forming an inter-layer dielectric (ILD) around and over the first, the second, and the third poly-silicon gate electrodes; planarizing the ILD to form a planarized ILD with a surface substantially co-planar with the top surface of the first, the second, and the third poly-silicon gate electrodes; removing the first poly-silicon gate electrode to form a first opening; filling a dielectric material in the first opening to form a dummy gate electrode; removing the second and the third poly-silicon gate electrodes to form a second and a third openings; forming a first metal gate electrode in the second opening for a first transistor; and forming a second metal gate electrode in the third opening for a second transistor.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: forming a gate dielectric layer under the dielectric material.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the gate dielectric layer is silicon oxide and/or high-k dielectric.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the dielectric material is oxide, nitride, oxynitride, low-k dielectric, ultra low-k dielectric, extreme low-k dielectric, or combinations thereof.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the dielectric material is different from the material for forming the ILD.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the step of removing the first poly-silicon gate electrode is a two-step dry etching process.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the two-step dry etching process comprises a first step performed using NF₃ gas and/or argon gas for removing a native oxide film over the first poly-silicon gate electrode.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the two-step dry etching process comprises a second step performed using Cl gas, HBr gas, He gas, or combinations thereof for removing the first poly-silicon gate electrode.
 17. The method of claim 9, further comprising: planarizing the dielectric material to form a planarized dielectric material with a surface substantially co-planar with the top surface of the planarized ILD.
 18. A semiconductor device, comprising: a conductive gate feature and a non-conductive gate feature formed over a substrate; a pair of spacers adjoining each sidewalls of the conductive gate feature and the non-conductive gate feature; and an isolation structure under the non-conductive gate feature in the substrate.
 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the conductive gate feature is a metal gate electrode for forming a transistor.
 20. The device of claim 18, wherein the non-conductive gate feature is a dummy gate electrode and composed of dielectric material. 